奧登

斯穆茨(1870～1950年)

Smuts,Jan (Christian)

南非政治家、軍人及總理（1919～1924、1939～1948）。為阿非利堪人，在劍橋大學學習法律，後返回非洲，1897年被克魯格（P. Kruger）總統任命為國家辯護律師。曾參加反抗英國的南非戰爭，與波塔一起反對米爾納（A. Milner）的求和條款。他在1905年認同了英國的統治，並在大英聯邦中保持南非的國家地位。第一次世界大戰期間再度與波塔一起鎮壓反抗，佔領西南非，並在東非發起一場運動。他參加了華沙和會，支援建立同盟國。波塔去世後，他成為總理，但在1924年被南非國民黨聯合擊敗。1933年協助赫爾佐格（J. B. M. Hertzog）的勢力擺脫極端的民族主義者，並在1939年被赫爾佐格任命為總理。在他的領導下，南非協同阻止德國和義大利對北非的入侵。1948年被馬蘭（D. F. Malan）領導的國民黨擊敗，後在劍橋大學擔任名譽校長，直到去世。

English version：

1870～1950年

Smuts,Jan (Christian)

South African statesman,soldier,and prime minister (1919-24,1939-48). An Afrikaner,Smuts studied law at Cambridge University Returning to South Africa,he was appointed state attorney in Pretoria by Pres. Paul Kruger in 1897. He fought the British in the South African War,and joined with Louis Botha to oppose Alfred Milner's implementation of the peace terms. By 1905 Smuts was reconciled to British control and sought to maintain South Africa within the Commonwealth. In World War I he joined again with Botha to suppress rebellion,conquer S.West Africa,and launch a campaign in eastern Africa. He attended the Versailles peace conference and helped promote the League of Nations. When Botha died,he became prime minister. He was defeated in 1924 by a National Party coalition. In 1933 he helped J.B.M. Hertzog force out the extreme nationalists,and in 1939 he replaced Hertzog as prime minister. Under his leadership,South Africa helped prevent Germany and Italy from conquering northern Africa. In 1948 he was defeated by Daniel F. Malan's Nationalists. He ended his life as chancellor of Cambridge Univ.