波斯戰爭

百科全書(Encyclopédie)

18世紀的法文百科全書，由啟蒙哲學家（philosophe）們編纂，是啟蒙運動的主要著作之一。其全名為《百科全書，或科學、藝術和手工藝分類字典》（Encyclopédie,ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences,des arts et des métiers，英譯名Encyclopedia,or Classified Dictionary of Sciences,Arts,and Trades），此書是因為錢伯斯所編《百科全書；或藝術與科學通用字典》（Cyclopaedia; or An Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences,1728）大受歡迎而問世的。在狄德羅（Denis Diderot）的指導下，加上達朗伯（Jean Le Rond d'Alembert）的幫助，全書十七冊在1751～1765年完成，後來又陸續增加冊數，最後組成三十五冊。剛出書時雖然遭保守的教會和官員的反對，並禁止出版，但此書吸引了當時許多重要的思想家來撰稿，如盧梭、伏爾泰（Voltaire）和狄德羅本人，他們被人稱為「百科全書派」（Encyclopedist）。《百科全書》以其懷疑論、注重科學決定論和對當時政府、司法和教會弊端的批判而產生了廣泛的影響，表達了在法國大革命之前已形成的一種進步思想。

English version：

Encyclopédie

French encyclopedia created in the 18th century by the philosophes; one of the principal works of the Enlightenment. Under the full title Encyclopédie,des arts et des métiers (“Encyclopedia,and Trades”),it was inspired by the success of E. Chambers's British Cyclopaedia; or An Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (1728). Under the direction of Denis Diderot and initially aided by Jean Le Rond d'Alembert,17 volumes were published between 1751 and 1765; other volumes were added later for a total of 35. Though opposed by conservative ecclesiastics and government officials and subjected to censorship,the Encyclopédie attracted articles from many important thinkers of the time,including J.-J. Rousseau,Voltaire,and Diderot,who were called “Encyclopedists.” In its skepticism,its emphasis on scientific determinism,and its criticism of the abuses perpetrated by contemporary legal,judicial,and clerical institutions,the work had widespread influence as an expression of progressive thought prior to the French Revolution.

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