印尼

菊目(Asterales)

顯花植物的一目。僅菊科一科，是顯花植物最大的科，一千一百多屬，約有兩萬種，種數之多僅蘭科可與相比。其最顯著特點是頭狀花序，每個花序看似一朵花，形狀有舌型、輻射型、盤型和圓型等型別。多為蟲媒花，許多屬（如蝶須屬）和某些種可行無融合生殖。果實是瘦果，葵花子實為瘦果。許多菊目植物的瘦果一端有絨毛，靠風散佈，其他還有種種散佈方式，如瘦果邊緣擴充套件成翅，或瘦果具鉤或刺，藉風或動物散佈等。菊目的習性和生境要求多樣。多為一至多年生草本，生長於溫帶和亞熱帶的向陽處。分佈範圍從北極到南極，從海岸到樹木線以上的高山。各種土質均見本目植物，少數水生，還有的生於熱帶林中。菊目植物種類最多的地區是墨西哥高原及地中海－中東地區。在溫帶，10%以上的被子植物屬菊目，在熱帶百分比略低。菊目的最大經濟價值是用作園林觀賞植物，如紫菀屬、雛菊屬、菊屬、大波斯菊屬、向日葵屬和萬壽菊屬等。最重要的食用植物是原產歐洲的萵苣和原產美國的向日葵。向日葵種子用作家禽飼料，所提煉的油用於烹調、制沙拉油、人造黃油、肥皂、塗料、清漆，油渣餅可作家畜飼料。某些花可作紅色和黃色染料。

English version：

Asterales

Family Compositae,one of the largest plant families (also known as Asteraceae,daisy family,and aster family),which contains more than 1,100 genera and almost 20,000 species of herbaceous plants,shrubs,and trees,found throughout the world. Though diverse in habit and habitat,composites tend to grow in sunlit places in temperate and subtropical regions. The family includes many garden ornamentals,including ageratums,asters,chrysanthemums,cosmos,dahlias,marigolds,and zinnias. Some genera include weeds such as dandelion,ragweed,and thistle. Artemisia,artichoke,endive,safflower,salsify,lettuce,and sunflower are important for the products derived from their flowers,seeds,leaves,roots,or tubers. Flower heads in this family are composed of many small flowers (florets) surrounded by bracts. Bell-shaped disk florets form the center of each head; strap-shaped ray florets extend out like petals from the center and are sometimes reflexed (bent back). Some species have flowers with only disk or only ray florets.