亞當斯

史特拉汶斯基(1882~1971年)

Stravinsky,Igor (Fyodorovich)

俄國出生移民法國和美國的作曲家。其父為俄國傑出歌劇男低音歌唱家之一。史特拉汶斯基早年決定學作曲,師從林姆斯基-高沙可夫(1902~1908)。1908年創作《焰火》,演出經紀人佳吉列夫聽過演出後,約請他為芭蕾舞劇《火鳥》(1910)創作音樂。《火鳥》的成功使他成為俄羅斯年輕一代作曲家中的傑出人物。其後芭蕾舞劇《彼得魯什卡》(1911)再獲成功。1913年的《春之祭》以其發自內心的激情以及野獸派的音響效果成為音樂史上的代表作。該劇在巴黎的首場公演帶來了一場騷動,確立了他的國際地位。此後他開始轉向短小的器樂和聲樂效果,創作了芭蕾清唱劇《婚禮》(1923)。儘管當時受到第一次世界大戰的影響,許多作曲家正在迴避對19世紀末葉作品的過度摹仿,他卻採用有所節制的新古典主義紛繁雜然的不同風格,並取材於舊日音樂中的一些搞笑片段,創作了《管樂八重奏》(1923)。他採用新古典主義手法的主要作品有《伊底帕斯王》(1927)、芭蕾舞劇《阿波羅》(1928)、清唱劇《聖詩交響曲》(1930)、《C大調交響曲》(1940)和《三個樂章的交響曲》(1945),以及歌劇《浪子的歷程》(1951),並以該歌劇為其古典主義的創作作了一個總結。維也納作曲家荀白克去世後,史特拉汶斯基從1954年起開始了系列主義作曲階段,並很快形成自己的作品風格。後期作品有芭蕾舞劇《阿貢》(1957)、《哀歌》(1958)、《樂章》(1959)和《安魂曲》(1966)等,《阿貢》是他眾多由巴蘭欽編舞的芭蕾舞劇中的最後一部。

English version:

1882~1971年

Stravinsky,Igor (Fyodorovich)

Russian-French-U.S. composer. Son of an operatic bass,he decided to be a composer at 20 and studied privately with N. Rimsky-Korsakov (1902-8). His Fireworks (1908) was heard by Sergey Diaghilev,who commissioned him to write the Firebird ballet (1910),which made him Russia's leading young composer. The great ballet score Petrushka (1911) followed. His next ballet,The Rite of Spring (1913),viscerally exciting and brutalist in its effect,was a landmark in music history; its Paris premiere caused a virtual riot,and Stravinsky's international notoriety was assured. He turned to smaller forces for the ballet Les noces (1923),and adopted a radically different style of restrained neoclassicism—employing often ironic references to older music—with his Octet (1923),as many were turning away from the excesses of the late 19th century,associated with the causes of World War I. His major neoclassical works included Oedipus rex (1927),the ballet Apollo (1928),the Symphony of Psalms (1930),the Symphony in C (1940),and the Symphony in Three Movements (1945),and culminated in the opera The Rake's Progress (1951). After A. Schoenberg's death,from 1954 he employed serialism,of which he soon devised his own version. His later works include Agon (1957)—the last of his many ballets choreographed by George Balanchine—Threni (1958),Movements (1959),and Requiem Canticles (1966).