楚江懷古三首·其一

汽車(automobile)

一種主要為客貨運輸設計的自動推進車輛,一般為四輪,通常由使用揮發性燃料的內燃機(internal combustion engine)驅動。現代汽車是由約一萬四千多個零件組成,可區分為幾個結構和機械系統,其中包括:鋼製車身,含容納乘客和儲物的空間,安置在底盤或鋼架上;汽油內燃機,藉由傳動器(變速器)發動汽車;轉向駕駛和制動系統,控制車子的動作;電子系統,包括蓄電池、交流發電機和其他裝置。其他一些重要的系統包括:燃料、排氣、潤滑、冷卻、懸吊和輪胎系統等。雖然在18和19世紀中葉已建造實驗性的交通工具,但商業性生產一直要到1880年代戴姆勒(Gottlieb Daimler,1863~1928)和賓士(Karl Benz)兩人於德國分別製造汽車才開始。在美國,詹姆斯.帕卡德(James Packard)、威廉.帕卡德(William Packard,1861~1923)和奧斯(Ransom Olds,1864~1950)算是第一批汽車製造業者,到了1898年美國就有五十家汽車製造廠。早期一些汽車是以蒸氣機發動的,如1902年左右史坦利兄弟(Francis E. and Freelan O. Stanley)所做的。福特採用內燃機,1908年推出T型汽車(Model T.),不久,更以裝配線(assembly line)生產而進行了一次工業革命。1930年代歐洲製造商開始製造小型而人人買得起的汽車,如福斯汽車(Volk swagen)。1950年代和1960年代,美國則傾向生產大型和豪華的汽車,加上更自動化的配備。到了1970年代、1980年代,日本汽車製造商出口小型、經濟又實用的汽車到世界各地,其日漸風靡的程度迫使美國製造商生產同一型別的車款。亦請參閱axle、brake、bus、carburetor、electric automobile、fuel injection、motorcycle、truck。

English version:

automobile

Four-wheeled automotive vehicle designed for passenger transportation,commonly propelled by an internal combustion engine using a volatile fuel. The modern automobile consists of about 14,000 parts,divided into several structural and mechanical systems. These include the steel body,containing the passenger and storage space,which sits on the chassis or steel frame; the internal combustion gasoline engine,which powers the car by means of a transmission; the steering and braking systems,which control the car's motion; and the electrical system,which includes a battery,alternator,and other devices. Subsystems involve fuel,exhaust,lubrication,cooling,suspension,and tires. Though experimental vehicles were built in the 18th and mid-19th century,not until the 1880s did Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz in Germany begin separately to manufacture cars commercially. In the U.S.,James and William Packard (1863-1928,1861-1923) and Ransom Olds (1864-1950) were among the first auto manufacturers,and by 1898 there were 50 U.S. manufacturers. Some early cars operated by steam engine,such as those made from c. 1902 by Francis E. and Freelan O. Stanley. The internal combustion engine was used by Henry Ford when he introduced the Model T in 1908; Ford would soon revolutionize the industry with his use of the assembly line. In the 1930s European manufacturers began to make small,affordable cars such as the Volkswagen. In the 1950s and '60s,U.S. automakers produced larger,more luxurious cars with more automatic features. In the 1970s and '80s Japanese manufacturers exported their small,reliable,fuel-efficient cars worldwide,and their increasing popularity spurred U.S. automakers to produce similar models. See also axle,brake,bus,carburetor,electric automobile,fuel injection,motorcycle,truck.

參考文章

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