為有

圖洛特氏症候群(Tourette's syndrome)

罕見的神經疾病，其特徵為反覆發作的運動性及發音性抽搐。病名取自首先於1885年描述本病的圖洛特，此症全世界分佈，通常為遺傳性，在二～十五歲間發病，男性發病率是女性的三倍。約80%的病例是運動性抽搐先發生，其他病例則是發怪聲的衝動在先。說淫穢語言的衝動，這曾被視為本病特徵，但也常不存在。想重說聽到的言語的衝動和自發地重複自己的言語是圖洛特氏症候群的兩個特殊症狀。其他發音性抽搐還包括無意義的聲響。運動性抽動可能只是注意不到的簡單動作，更復雜的抽動為看似有意的行為（例如跳躍、鼓掌）。睡眠、精神集中和體力活動可抑制上述症狀，而情緒緊張會加重症狀。圖洛特氏症候群不像其他強迫行為，它源自神經而不是源自精神，用精神作用藥物可改善其症狀。患者腦中神經介質可能發生異常，但內在原因仍不明。

English version：

Tourette's syndrome

Rare neurological disease that causes repetitive motor and vocal tics. Named for Georges Gilles de la Tourette,who first described it in 1885,it occurs worldwide,is usually inherited,generally begins at age 2-15,and is three times more common in males. Motor tics occur first in about 80% of cases,compulsions to utter abnormal sounds in the rest. A compulsion to utter obscenities,once thought characteristic,is often absent. Repetition of words heard and spontaneous repetition of one's own words are two distinctive symptoms. Other vocal tics may include meaningless sounds. Motor tics may be virtually unnoticeable; more complex ones may appear intentional (e.g.,hopping,clapping). Sleep,intense concentration,and exertion tend to suppress the tics; emotional stress worsens them. Unlike psychiatric compulsive disorders,Tourette's syndrome has a neurological origin and may improve with mind-altering drugs. Brain neurotransmitter abnormalities may be involved,but the underlying cause remains uncertain.