中學英語句子成分詳解

中學英語句子成分詳解

  篇一:英語的句首動詞用什麼形式

  在英語高考試題的選擇題中,經常讓考生對英語句子的句首動詞形式判斷。本文將從以下幾個方面談談自己在平時教學中發現的規律歸納如下。

  1、句首的原形動詞。此類題目設定的是祈使句。其基本句型為:祈使句 + and/or/— +簡單句。該句型中,祈使句表示條件,簡單句表示結果。請看下面兩個例子。

  ________ down the radio—the baby's asleep in the next room.(93年高考題)

  A. Turning B. Turn C. Turned D. To turn

  --English has a large vocabulary, hasn’t it?

  --Yes. _________ more words and expressions and you will find it

  easier to read and communicate.(04年上海高考題)

  A. Know B. Knowing C. To know D. Known

  根據基本句型要求,以上兩題的答案分別是B、A。

  2、不定式。不定式結構出現在句首是不定式短語作目的狀語。其意是“為了” 。例如:

  __________ late in the morning, Bob turned off the alarm.(01年北京、內蒙古、安徽春季高考題)

  A. To sleep B. Sleeping C. Sleep D. Having Slept

  根據句意“為了早上多睡一會兒,Bob關掉了鬧鐘”,故A為正確答案。

  3、過去分詞。過去分詞在句首通常用作狀語,表示時間、方式或伴隨、原因、條件、讓步等。它們與句子主語的關係是被動關係。例如

  _______ time, he’ll make a first-class tennis player.(03年北京高考題)

  A. Having given B. To give C. Giving D. Given

  在此試題中,句意為“給他時間”,表示條件,且相對主語而言,含有被動之意,D項為正確選項。

  ______ with a difficult situation, Arnold decided to ask his boss for advice.(05年北京春季高考題)

  A. To face B. Having faced C. Faced D. Facing

  此試題中,從漢語意義上講,它表示了主動的意義,而從英語結構來說,要用be + 過去分詞。與空格後的with組成的短語是be faced with。故該題正確答案是C。由此而推出很多這樣的短語:be dressed in, be covered with, be

  tired of, be filled with,be separated from, be lost in, be marked with,be addicted to等,這樣的短語用作了系表結構,表示狀態。

  4、現在分詞。現在分詞在句首所作成分與過去分詞相同。例如:

  _____ from heart trouble for years, Professor White has to take some medicine with him wherever he goes.(01年上海高考題)

  A. Suffered B. Suffering C. Having suffered D. Being suffered

  _____ from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world.(05年湖北高考題)

  A. Being separated B. Having separated

  C. Having been separated D. To be separated

  以上兩題現在分詞所表示的動作在主語之前發生,應該用完成式。兩題的不同點是主動與被動。上海題的現在分詞與句子主語的關係是主動關係,根據four years時間狀語,正確答案是C。湖北題則表示被動關係,也有時間狀語,故C是正確答案。

  5、垂懸分詞

  _____ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.(01年全國高考題)

  A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered 此題設定的非謂語動詞的邏輯主語不是it,而且it也不是非謂語動詞的邏輯賓語。因此此題屬於垂懸分詞。因為這個動作發生在謂語動詞之前。正確答案是A。

  6、動名詞。動名詞在句首考查的是句子的主語。

  ________ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one’s skin.(02年上海高考題)

  A. Exposed B. Having exposed

  C. Being exposed D. After being exposed

  It’s necessary to be prepared for a job interview. _______ the answers ready will be of great help.(05年北京高考題)

  A. To have had B. Having had C. Have D. Having

  上海題測試的是動名詞短語作主語,expose與one’s skin是動賓關係,因此,選項C為(動名詞的被動式)正確答案。北京題,第二句的will be of great help缺主語,根據上下文的意思,“準備”是指一般性的行為,因此正確選項是D。

  7、句首動詞的其他特殊結構:例如:

  ⑴ 動詞原形開頭的句子結構,是由as引起的倒裝句中。例如:

  Try as she might, Carolina couldn’t get the door open.(05年廣東) 根據as引起的倒裝句的要求,其句子結構為:原形動詞 + as + 主語 + would/might。

  ⑵ 插入語結構。常用不定式作插入語的結構有:to begin with(首先)、to tell the truth(說老實話)、to sum up(總之)、to make things/matters worse(情況更糟的是)、to be frank/honest/?等形式。例如:

  To make matters worse, he also had a son in college who had taken a bank loan for his students.

  ⑶倒裝結構中的現在分詞和過去分詞在句首。此結構中的現在分詞實際上是動詞的進行時態變化而來,過去分詞是由被動語態變化得來的'。例如: Hanging on the wall is a photo of Mary’s family.

  Tied to the small tree is a boat.

  ⑷不定式作主語。例如:

  To see is to believe。

  篇二:動詞與句子

  動詞與句子

  一、 句子的基本句型

  在句子各成分中,主語和謂語是句子的核心部分。

  5類基本句型:

  1、S V (主、謂)

  2、S V P (主、系、表)

  3、S V O (主、謂、賓)

  4、S V O C (主、謂、賓、補)

  5、S V O O (主、謂、賓、賓)

  二、 動詞分類

  連繫動詞 (SVP)

  不及物動詞 (SV)

  實意動詞 單賓語動詞 (SVO)

  動詞 及物動詞 雙賓語動詞 (SVOO)

  複合賓語動詞 (SVOC)

  情態動詞

  助動詞

  三、 動詞分類與基本句型

  1、 連繫動詞用於SVP句型。常見的連繫動詞有:be (is, am .are, was,were…..), smell, taste, sound, look, feel,seem, appear,become, get, turn, come, go, grow, fall, keep, remain,prove,make等。

  Mary is a student. The cotton feels soft.

  Your answer seemed right. He becomes wiser than before.

  The days are getting longer. Please keep quiet.

  His idea proved wrong.

  2、 不及物動詞用於SV 句型。不及物動詞就是不能夠接賓語其意思就完整的動詞。如:go, come, turn, jump, swim, slow down, step in, set out, go ahead, drop in, happen, take place, matter, succeed等。

  He has come. The sun is shinning.

  It doesn’t matter. Who cares?

  I will drop in if I have time.

  3、 單賓語動詞用於SVO 句型. 單賓語動詞就是隻需接一個賓語其意思就完整的動詞。如:know, want, enjoy, like, dislike, begin,start,need等。

  I need some help. I know your name.

  Do you need any help? She likes milk.

  They enjoyed themselves very much last night.

  4、 雙賓語動詞用於SVOO句型。雙賓語動詞就是需要接兩個賓語其意思才完整的動詞。兩個賓語一個為間接賓語,一個為直接賓語。一般來說,間接賓語指人,直接賓語指物。如:give, ask, answer, forgive, save, refuse, envy,teach,show, allow, bring, hand, lend, offer, pass, return, send, leave, tell, throw, wish等。

  He told My father bought (間賓)(直賓) (間賓)(直賓)

  I envy you your health. He give me the book yesterday.

  5、 複合賓語動詞用於SVOC句型。複合賓語動詞就是要接一個賓語和一個補語其意思

  才完整的動詞。賓語和補語合起來統稱為複合賓語。賓語補語表示賓語的性質、狀態,是對賓語的一種補充說明。

  1)用形容詞作補語的複合賓語動詞有:get, paint, make,believe, talk, find, think, keep, push, build, hold, drink,wash等

  They keep I find (賓語)(賓補)

  He pushed the door open. I believe him wrong.

  They painted the room red.

  2) 用名詞作補語的複合賓語動詞有:call, name, make, elect, find, consider, choose等 We call We elect (賓語)(賓補) (賓語)(賓補)

  (賓語)(賓補)

  注意:

  1、雙賓語結構與複合賓語結構的區別:

  雙賓語結構:間接賓語(指人)+直接賓語(指物)

  複合賓語結構:賓語(補語的邏輯主語)+補語(說明賓語的性質、狀態) 試比較:

  He made me a sentence. 他給我造了一個句子。

  He made me an officer. 他把我造就成為一名軍官。

  第一句為雙賓語結構,一個是人,一個是物。第二句為複合賓語結構,“me”與“officer”之間有主謂關係,等於“I am an officer.”。

  2、有些不及物動詞加上介詞後便成為及物動詞。如:

  I agree------ I agree with you.

  He has arrived.--------- He has arrived at the station.

  篇三:五類動詞+句子歸類

  五類動詞:

  第一類動詞:

  讓某人做某事動詞結構:let / make / have sb. do sth.

  E.g. Let’s go! Don’t make me laugh!

  第二類動詞:

  助動詞(顧名思義:幫助你對將肯定的意思變成否定或疑問),如: be , do, have, will

  e.g. I love you! ? 變成否定句: 變成疑問句:

  第三類動詞:

  情態動詞(常用有5個): can /could, may/might, shall/should, will/would, must/must, dare, have to(不得不,客觀必須), ought to(理應去做), need to(需要去做) 結構:情態動詞+ do sth. (動詞原形)

  注意:情態動詞也可作助動詞:e.g. I love you.? I will not love you. Will I love you?

  第四類動詞:

  感官動詞:see/watch/look at, hear/listen to, smell, feel, notice, observe, taste, touch

  結構:感官動詞 do sth. (只指向一個動作,並不說明動作的狀態)

  +sb.{ doing sth. (表明動作是進行著的狀態)

  ★注意:(被動語態時) The boy is seen to sing.

  類似感官動詞結構:

  ① mind/ practice/ regret/ finish/ avoid/ escape + doing sth. (動名詞,e.g. mind smoking, practice playing football,etc.)

  ② keep/ continue/ go on+ doing sth. (表明動作是進行著的狀態)

  ③ stop doing sth. (停止做某事), stop to do sth.( 停下手上的事情去做某事) 翻譯:停止說話,聽老師講課。__________________________________

  ④ prevent/ stop/ keep sb. (from) doing sth. (阻止某人做某事)

  ⑤ spend some time/money on sth.

  { (in) doing sth.

  ⑥ can’t help (to) do sth. / doing sth.

  ⑦ require/ insist/ command/ demand/ order/ suggest that sb. (should) do sth.

  第五類動詞:

  除前四類動詞以外的動詞,結構一般為:~ + to do sth.(動詞不定式),e.g. ask/ order/ call

  備註:以上之歸類只是簡單的一般結構歸類,具體情況還需要視動詞短語結構以及真實運用為準。

  句子歸類:

  歸類一:

  按句子性質歸類:陳述句,疑問句,感嘆句,祈使句。

  陳述句分為:肯定句,否定句(肯定句基礎上+助動詞+否定詞(not/never/seldom/less/few…))

  肯定句:I love you.?否定句: I do not love you.

  疑問句分為:一般疑問句,特殊疑問句,選擇疑問句,反意疑問句(譯義與一般疑問句同) 一般疑問句(肯定句前+助動詞): 特殊疑問句(一般疑問句前+特殊疑問詞(what, when, where, who, why, how(how much,

  how far…))

  選擇疑問句:

  反意疑問句(陳述句+一般疑問句,前後意義相反即可): You love me, don’t you?

  思考:

  感嘆句分為:以how, what 開頭的感嘆句。

  How + adj. { adv. E.g. How fast/quickly the boy runs!

  What + sth. E.g. What a lovely boy he is!

  What beautiful furniture it is! (furniture 傢俱不可數)

  祈使句:結構為運用動詞原形。E.g. Shut up! Don’t move! Wait a minute, please.

  歸類二:

  按句子結構歸類:簡單句,並列句,複合句。

  簡單句:只有一個主謂賓結構的句子。 E.g. He is a student.

  並列句:有兩個或兩個以上主謂賓結構的句子,並以連詞將其連線起來的句子。

  E.g. 1. He is a student. 2. She is not a student.? (備註:常用連詞或連詞結構共有11類,如表示承接的有:and, as well as, both A. and B.

  表示轉折的有:but, yet, however, in contrary…,你能把它們都找出來嗎?)

  複合句:有從句的句子。(從句也是具有主謂賓的句子,一般由引導詞(who, whose, where, what, when,

  why, which, that等)引出,其有兩個功能:1、對大句中的某個成分作補充說明。2、充當大句中的某個成分。)

  1、對大句中某個成分作補充說明

  e.g. 原句: The boy is playing PC game.

  使用從句後:

  2、充當大句中的某個成分 充當主語)

  歸類三:

  按句子長短歸類: 短句,中長句,長句。(適用於文章寫作字數的控制)

  短句:一般為5~6個單詞; I love you.? I love you very much!

  中長句(並列句):一般為7~9個單詞;

  長句(一般為複合句):一般為10~12個單詞。

  篇四:動詞,句子型別

  第一章 動詞的時態

  第二章 託福難句解析

  一、

  基本句型概述:

  1、 簡單句

  第一句型:主+謂+(副詞)

  S1 : The sun is rising.

  The temperature fell ten degrees. Internet dating hurts.

  處理辦法:比較簡單,快速掃過 什麼樣的詞或從句可以作主語?

  ? 主語是句子要說明的人或事物。 ? 主語:名詞、代詞、動名詞(v+ing)

  ? 不定式(to+v), what從句,that 從句,how從句等組成。 ? PS: 動詞原形不能作主語。

  ? 該句型的謂語動詞是不及物動詞(intransitive verb)

  ? 所表示的動作沒有作為物件,其本身的意思完整,其後不需帶賓語。 ? 如:He died.

  ? 我們不能說:He died his wife*(錯誤) ? He killed his wife

  第二句型:主+系+表

  S2 :

  Metabolism is a necessary daily activity of most creatures. 處理辦法:重點關注表語:一般為下定義時常用 什麼樣的詞可以作系動詞和表語:

  ? ?

  ? 我們不能說:

  ?

  第三句型:主+謂+賓

  S3 : A scientist must to learn the pratical experimental methods. The institute offered a opportunity to study this phenomenon. 處理辦法:重點掌握,中心在句子賓語位置

  ? 該句型的謂語動詞是及物動詞(transitive verb)

  ? 這種動詞告訴我們由主語發出的動作所作用的物件是什麼,這裡所作用的物件就是

  我們通常稱之為賓語的,即賓語是主語動作的承受物件,因此這類動詞是帶有賓語的。

  第四句型:主+謂+賓+賓補

  S4 : The pigment dyed the china black.

  They appointed him chairman of the committee.

  處理辦法:關注補語,閱讀時必須保留

  第五句型:主+謂+賓一+賓二

  S5 : The hostess cooked the family the dinner. The Americans ordered the church a sculpture.

  處理辦法:處理兩個賓語和動詞謂語的關係,必須保留避免遺漏資訊

  ? 該句型的謂語動詞是雙賓動詞(dative verb),這種動詞的後面所接成分有“人”又有

  “物”。一般來講,這裡的“人”表示動作的接受者,稱作間接賓語(indirect object)。”物”表示動作作用的物件,是動作的承受者,稱作直接賓語(direct object)。

  篇五:雅思寫作:如何讓你的句子開頭多樣化

  雅思寫作:如何讓你的句子開頭多樣化

  在多年的寫作教學中,筆者發現很多雅思和新托福考生在寫作中無法靈活運用句子結構,無法實現句子結構的多樣化運用。很多考生為此費盡心思,不知道該從何處著手練習,使文章中的句子能夠多樣化。事實上,我們可以採用不同的句子開頭使句子多樣化。 朗閣海外考試研究中心的專家認為,寫作的時候不應該總是用“subject-verb-object”的結構順序,而應該儘量用不同的方式展開一個句子。不同的句子開頭既可以美化句子,同時也能使句子與句子之間自然過度,銜接自然,以免過於依賴過渡詞。在雅思和新托福考試中,寫作考官對句子結構的多樣化也是非常重視的。下面,朗閣海外考試研究中心的專家將給廣大考生介紹幾種使句子開頭多樣化的方式方法。

  【副詞開頭】

  (1)副詞修飾全句

  Luckily, he didn't know my phone number; otherwise, he would bother me. Incredibly, Helena got straight A in her school report this semester.

  Interestingly, cats and dogs can hardly get along well in a house.

  修飾全句常用的副詞有:obviously, undoubtedly, apparently, fortunately, clearly, unfortunately, incredibly, luckily, unluckily, surprisingly, frighteningly等。

  這些副詞大多數表示說話人對全句的看法,在意思上相當於“It is ...形容詞 that ...”。

  比如:

  Obviously, he is nervous about the test.

  =It is obvious that he is nervous about the test.

  Unfortunately, he tripped over and fell in the mud.

  =It is unfortunate that he tripped over and fell in the mud.

  (2)強調副詞

  Hurriedly, the man drew me a scratch map to show me the direction.

  Dangerously, the drunkard sped down the street.

  Slowly and gently, snowflakes were drifting down from the sky.

  (3)副詞表示某一地域或某一領域

  Geographically, Canada is the biggest country in the world.

  Financially, she is independent, but emotionally she is dependent.

  【插入語開頭】

  用插入語開頭,表示說話人的態度,或使句子的意思更加準確:

  Strangely enough, Jennifer does not enjoy sunshine and beach.

  Generally speaking, winter in Vancouver is gloomy.

  類似的插入語有:no wonder, no doubt, in other words, in my opinion, in conclusion, in fact, as a matter of fact等。

  【形容詞和形容詞短語開頭】

  用形容詞、並列形容詞或形容詞短語開頭,修飾句子的主語,表示主語的特徵或狀態: Frantic, the young mother rushed out the door with the baby in her arms.

  Tasty and crisp, potato chip is a favorite snack for both children and adults.

  Happy at his good marks at school, the little boy skipped on his way home.

  Desperate and hopeless, the poor man committed.

  【分詞和分詞短語開頭】

  (1)修飾句子主語,表示主語所處的狀態或主語同時進行的另一個較謂語動詞次要的動作 Scared, the girl moved timidly and cautiously into the dark room.(狀態)

  Cased by my dear pet cat, the mouse dashed into a small hole.(狀態)

  Spoiled by his parents, the naughty boy always insists on things he wants.(狀態) Puffing and hugging, he finished his run.(另一動作)

  Looking at herself in the mirror, she fingered her silk scarf on her shoulder.(另一動作)

  (2)修飾謂語動詞,表示原因、時間等

  Lying down on the couch, he felt much relaxed.(時間)

  Feeling bored, she turned on the TV and switched from channel to channel.(原因) Wanting to find out the business hour, she called the store.(原因)

  Having completed the form, he mailed it out immediately.(時間)

  【介詞短語開頭】

  用介詞短語開頭,表示句子謂語動詞發生的時間、地點、方式、原因、條件等:

  On seeing him approach, the girl immediately turned her face to a shop window pretending to look at something there.(時間)

  Around the corner, a crowd gathered.(地點)

  Unlike his father, Peter touches neither cigarettes nor alcohol.(方式)

  Due to the limit of seats, he was not accepted.(原因)

  In case of fire, use the stairways.(條件)

  【動詞不定式開頭】

  動詞不定式開頭,強調謂語動詞動作的目的:

  To celebrate the arrival of the Millennium, we held a grand party in the hotel.

  To show my trust on him, I deposited $ 10,000 into his bank account.

  (轉 載 於:wWW.smHAida.cOM :動詞開頭的句子)

  【獨立分詞短語開頭】

  用獨立分詞短語開頭,使句子有正式的味道:

  Birds singing in the tree, another routine day starts.

  Sea gulls flying over the water, the old fisherman flung his fishing meat into the open sea.

  A dog following them, the police searched every suspect.

  【過渡句開頭】

  用過渡句開頭,表示此句與上下句的關係:

  Consequently, I slowed down to avoid a fine ticket.

  In fact, she was a kindhearted woman.

  【同位語開頭】

  A signing officer of the bank, Jane signs her name hundreds of times each day at work.

  A TV addict, Jim watches TV movies one after another every evening until after midnight.

  【副詞從句開頭】

  用副詞從句開頭,表示主句謂語動詞發生的時間、地點、原因、方式、條件等: When you are in need of help, give me a call.

  Wherever you go, I follow.

  Since your children love hamburgers and fries, we might as well eat in MacDonald. As if it were summer, everybody wear shorts and a T-shirt.

  In case that you get lost, call me at this number.

  【名詞從句開頭】

  用名詞從句開頭,作整句的主語:

  Whether you take the position or not makes great difference to me.

  Why I am unhappy is something I can't explain.

  What they should do about the hole in the roof is their most pressing problem.

  從以上朗閣海外考試研究中心介紹的諸多句子開頭方法與例句中,我們可以領略到句式變化的多樣性。考生們如果能夠掌握上述方法,就會發現我們從原來最常用的名詞和代詞作主語的句式,變為如此多樣化的句子開頭。與此同時,靈活的運用句子結構實現句型結構的多樣化也不再是一件困難的事。

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