考研英語閱讀理解真題附翻譯

  考研英語閱讀理解,關鍵是擴大英語閱讀量還有要多些做練習題真題。下面就是小編給大家整理的,希望對你有用!

  考研英語閱讀原文

  In the idealized version of how science is done,

  facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work.

  But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route.

  We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience.

  Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take.

  Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.

  Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience.

  Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential.

  But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery.

  This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher's me, here,

  now becomes the community's anyone, anywhere, anytime.

  Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.

  Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit.

  But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next.

  Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries;

  editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process;

  other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes;

  and finally, the public ***including other scientists*** receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology.

  As a discovery claim works it through the community,

  the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved

  transforms an individual's discovery claim into the community's credible discovery.

  Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process.

  First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect.

  Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed.

  The goal is new-search, not re-search.

  Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing

  will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers.

  Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief.

  Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as

  "seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought."

  But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views.

  Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.

  In the end, credibility "happens" to a discovery claim

  a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind.

  "We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other's reasoning and each other's conceptions of reason."

  考研英語閱讀翻譯

  在科學研究的理想狀態下,

  關於世界的事實正在等待著那些客觀的研究者來觀察和蒐集,研究者們會用科學的方法來進行他們的工作。

  但是在每天的科學實踐中,發現通常遵循一條模糊和複雜的路徑。

  我們的目標是做到客觀,但是我們卻不能逃離我們所處的獨特的生活經驗的環境。

  之前的知識和興趣會影響我們所經歷的,會影響我們對於經驗意義的思考,以及我們會採取的隨後的行動。

  這裡充滿著誤讀,錯誤和自我欺騙的機會。

  所以,對於發現的申明應該被當做是科學的原型。

  這與新近開發的採礦資源比較類似,他們都充滿著可能性。

  但是將發現的申明變為一個成熟的發現是需要集體的審查和集體的接受。

  這個過程就配稱之為"信用的過程",通過這個過程一個單個研究者的"我"

  在這裡就變成了這個社群中的任何人,任何地方和任何時間。

  客觀的知識不應該是起點而是目標。

  一旦一個科學發現變成公開的,那麼發現者就獲得了知識的認可。

  但是和採礦權不一樣的是,科學協會將控制接下來會發生的事情。

  在複雜的科研機構的社會結構中,研究者去做出發現;

  編輯和審稿者通過控制出版過程扮演著看門人的角色;

  其他的科學家使用新的發現來滿足他們自己的目標;

  最後,公眾***也包括其他科學家***接受到新的發現和可能相伴隨的技術。

  當一個發現的宣告最終通過了機構的審查,

  在有關所涉及到的共享的和牴觸的信念之間的互動和衝突

  將把一個人的發現變為一個機構的可信的發現

  在整個信任的過程中存在著兩個悖論,

  第一:科學工作傾向於關注一些流行科學的某些方面,而這些方面又是被認為是不完全和不正確的。

  去複製和確認已經被人所知和所信的東西不會有多少回報。

  科學要做的是去探究新的東西而不是再次探究。

  不足為奇的是,新發表的重要的,有說服力發現和可信的發現

  將會被後來的研究者質疑,並帶來潛在的修改甚至駁斥。

  第二個悖論是:新穎的東西本身就經常會招致懷疑。

  諾貝爾獎獲得者,生理學家Albert Azent-Gyorgyi曾經將發現描述為:

  "觀察每個人觀察的,思考沒有人想到的。"

  但是思考其他人沒有想到的並且告訴其他人他們所遺漏的可能並不會改變這些人的觀點。

  有時候,真正新穎的科學發現被人們所接受和認可將會花好多年的時間。

  最後,一個科學的發現獲得了信任,

  這個過程是與哲學家Annette Baier所描述的心靈的共性的觀點是一致的。

  "我們共同去推理,去質疑,其修改並且完善各自的推理以及各自的推理概念。

  考研英語閱讀詞語解析

  acceptance[ək'septəns]n. 接受***禮物、邀請、建議等***,同意,認可,承兌

  interaction[.intə'rækʃən]n. 相互作用,相互影響,互動交流

  community[kə'. 社群,社會,團體,共同體,公眾,[生]群落

  unique[ju:'. 獨一無二的,獨特的,稀罕的

  ambiguous[æm'bigjuəs]adj. 模稜兩可的

  control[kən'trəul]n. 剋制,控制,管制,操作裝置

  vt. 控制

  escape[is'keip]v. 逃跑,逃脫,避開

  n. 逃跑,逃脫

  confirmation[.kɔnfə'meiʃən]n. 確認,證實,基督教的堅信禮

  credible['kredəbl]adj. 可信的,可靠的

  route[. 路線,***固定***線路,途徑


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