夕次盱眙縣

蘇維埃社會主義共和國聯邦(Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.))，亦稱蘇聯（Soviet Union）。

前共和國。跨歐洲東部和亞洲北部和中部。在其崩潰前共有十五個蘇維埃社會主義共和國－－亞美尼亞、亞塞拜然、白俄羅斯、愛沙尼亞、喬治亞（今喬治亞共和國）、哈薩克、吉爾吉斯、拉脫維亞、立陶宛、摩爾多瓦、俄羅斯、塔吉克、土庫曼、烏克蘭和烏茲別克；還包括二十個蘇維埃社會主義自治共和國－－俄羅斯十六個、喬治亞兩個、亞塞拜然一個、烏茲別克一個。面積為22,400,000平方公里。首都莫斯科。疆土從波羅的海和黑海一直伸展到太平洋之濱。是世界上國土最大的國家。東西長約10,900公里，南北寬約4,500公里，佔世界24個時區中的11個。邊界臨六個歐洲國家和六個亞洲國家。地形有肥沃的土地、沙漠、凍原、高山、一些世界最大的河流及最大的內陸水域，包括最大的裡海。海岸線北冰洋綿延了4,825公里，太平洋1,610公里。農業、採礦及工業發達。

1917年俄國革命後，在前俄羅斯帝國的版圖內建立起四個社會主義共和國：俄羅斯蘇維埃社會主義聯邦共和國、外高加索蘇維埃社會主義聯邦共和國、烏克蘭蘇維埃社會主義共和國和白俄羅斯蘇維埃社會主義共和國。1922年，蘇維埃社會主義共和國聯邦建立在四個加盟共和國的基礎上，在以後的年代更多的加盟共和國相繼建立。列寧去世（1924）後，史達林擊敗其對手而獲得政治領導權。1928年實施五年計畫及加強工業化和農業集體化。1930年代末期進行清黨（參閱purge trials），囚禁和處決上百萬被認為對國家有危險的人。第二次世界大戰後，蘇聯和美國兩個集團間的長期緊張關係成了「冷戰」。1940年代在東歐建立了共產集團。1949年製造原子彈。1953年第一次試爆氫彈。史達林去世後，赫魯雪夫上臺，他放鬆對政治和文化的一些嚴密控制。1957年發射第一顆人造衛星。在布里茲涅夫領導下，朝向自由化的部分倒轉。1980年代中期戈巴契夫掌權，鼓吹新開放政策。1990年年底，共產主義政府瓦解，實行新的市場經濟計畫。1991年12月5日蘇聯正式解散（進一步訊息，請參見上述各獨立共和國條目）。

English version：

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.)

Former republic,eastern Europe and northern and central Asia. It consisted,in its final years,of 15 soviet socialist republics that gained independence at its dissolution: Armenia,Azerbaijan,Belorussia (now Belarus),Estonia,Georgia (now Republic of Georgia),Kazakhstan,Kirgiziya (now Kyrgyzstan),Latvia,Lithuania,Moldova,Russia,Tajikistan,Turkmenistan,Ukraine,and Uzbekistan. It also contained 20 autonomous soviet socialist republics: 16 within Russia,2 within Georgia,1 within Azerbaijan,and 1 within Uzbekistan. Area: 8,649,512 sq mi (22,402,235 sq km). Capital: Moscow. Stretching from the Baltic and Black seas to the Pacific Ocean,the Soviet Union comprised the largest country on the globe,having a maximum east-west extent of about 6,800 mi (10,940 km) and a maximum north-south extent of about 2,800 mi (4,505 km). It encompassed 11 time zones and had common boundaries with 6 European countries and 6 Asian countries. Its regions contained fertile lands,deserts,tundra,high mountains,some of the world's largest rivers,and large inland waters,including most of the Caspian Sea. The coastline on the Arctic Ocean extended 3,000 mi (4,825 km),while that on the Pacific was 1,000 mi (1,610 km) long. It was an agricultural,mining,and industrial power. Following the Russian Revolution of 1917,four socialist republics were established on the territory of the former Russian empire: the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic,the Transcaucasian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic,the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic,and the Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. These four constituent republics established the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1922,to which other republics were added over the years. A power struggle begun in 1924 with the death of Communist leader Vladimir Ilich Lenin ended in 1927 when Joseph Stalin gained victory. Implementation of the first of the Five-Year Plans in 1928 centralized industry and collectivized agriculture. A purge in the late 1930s resulted in the imprisonment or execution of millions of persons considered dangerous to the state (see Purge Trials). After World War II,with their respective allies,the U.S.S.R. and the U.S. engaged in the Cold War. In the late 1940s it brought about the establishment of Communist regimes throughout most of eastern Europe. The U.S.S.R. exploded its first atomic bomb in 1949,and its first hydrogen bomb in 1953. Following Stalin's death,it experienced limited political and cultural liberalization under Nikita Khrushchev. It launched the first manned orbital space flight in 1961. Under Leonid Brezhnev there was a partial reversal of the move towards liberalization. In the mid-1980s its leader Mikhail Gorbachev instituted a liberal policy of perestroika. By the end of 1990 the Communist government had toppled,and a program to create a market economy was implemented. The U.S.S.R. was officially dissolved on December 25,1991. (For further information,see independent republics mentioned above.).