至德二載甫自京金光門出問道歸鳳翔乾元初…有悲往事
葡萄牙(Portugal)
正式名稱葡萄牙共和國（Portuguese Republic）
古稱Lusitania
位於西南歐伊比利半島西部的國家。面積92,389平方公里。人口約10,328,000（2001）。首都︰里斯本。人民大部分是葡萄牙人。官方語：葡萄牙語。宗教：天主教。貨幣：歐元。大西洋中的亞速群島和馬德拉群島在行政上也屬葡萄牙。葡萄牙大致被太加斯河一分為二。高地大多起自太加斯河以北，並往東北延伸到西班牙。葡萄牙擁有工業化經濟，包括公、民營部門。1974年在一場軍事政變後，大部分的工業已國有化，但在1980年代晚期許多部門已轉為民營。工業以輕工業為主，產品包括紡織和成衣，紙張和木製產品，以及化學品。政府形式為共和國，一院制。國家元首是總統。政府首腦為總理。
西元前1千紀，塞爾特人在伊比利半島定居下來。西元前140年前後，羅馬人征服了他們，並一直統治到西元5世紀日耳曼部落入侵這個地區。711年穆斯林入侵，僅存葡萄牙北部還在基督教的手裡。1179年該地區成為葡萄牙王國，隨著重新取得穆斯林所佔據的部分而擴張起來。現代歐陸的葡萄牙疆界是在1270年國王阿方索三世手中完成的。在15和16世紀，該君主國鼓勵探險，促使葡萄牙的航海家們紛紛到非洲、印度、印尼、中國、中東和南美洲去探險。雖然曾建立了若干殖民地，但都逐漸獨立了（參閱Brazil、Goa、Cape Verde、East Timor、Angola、Guinea-Bissau、Mozambique和Macau）。20世紀中葉，獨裁者薩拉查統治葡萄牙，1974年發生一場政變將他驅逐。1976年通過一部新憲法（1982年修改），恢復了文官統治。葡萄牙是北大西洋公約組織的創始會員，也是歐洲聯盟的成員。
English version：
Portugal
ancientLusitania.Country,western coast of the Iberian Peninsula,southwestern Europe. Area: 35,662 sq mi (92,365 sq km). Population (2000 est.): 10,005,000. Capital: Lisbon. Most of the people are Portuguese. Language: Portuguese (official). Religion: Roman Catholicism. Monetary unit: euro. Administratively,the Atlantic islands of the Azores and Madeira are part of Portugal. Portugal is divided roughly in half by the Tagus River; the highlands rise mostly north of the Tagus and stretch northeast into Spain. It has an industrialized economy in which both the public and private sectors participate. Major industries were nationalized after a military coup in 1974,but many were returned to the private sector in the late 1980s. Light industries predominate,and products include textiles and clothing,paper and wood products,and chemicals. It is a republic with one legislative house; the chief of state is the president,and the head of government is the prime minister. In the 1st millennium BC,Celtic peoples settled the Iberian peninsula. They were conquered c. 140 BC by the Romans,who ruled until the 5th century AD,when the area was invaded by Germanic tribes. A Muslim invasion in 711 left only the northern part of Portugal in Christian hands. In 1179 it became the kingdom of Portugal and expanded as it reconquered the Muslim-held sectors. The boundaries of modern continental Portugal were completed in 1270 under King Afonso III. In the 15th and 16th centuries the monarchy encouraged exploration that took Portuguese navigators to Africa,India,Indonesia,China,the Middle East,and South America. Though it established several colonies,they achieved independence over the years (see Brazil,Goa,Cape Verde Islands,East Timor,Angola,Guinea-Bissau,Mozambique,Macao). António de Oliveira Salazar ruled Portugal as a dictator in the mid-20th century; he was ousted in a coup in 1974. A new constitution was adopted in 1976 (revised 1982),and civilian rule resumed. It was a charter member of NATO and is a member of the European Union.