初中英語知識點總結中考

  英語知識點的學習在中學階段是十分重要的內容,下面是小編為大家帶來的,相信對你會有幫助的。

  :主謂一致的15種常考情況

  1. 表示時間,重量,數目,價格,長度,數學運算等的詞或短語作主語時,儘管他們是複數形式,但如果把這些複數形式的詞或短語看作是一個整體,謂語動詞用單數形式。

  Two months is quite a long time. Twenty dollars is enough.

  2. 動詞不定式,動名詞,從句或不可數名詞作主語時,謂語動詞用單數。

  To see is to believe. It is not easy to master a foreign language.

  3. 由and連線兩個成分作主語時,要根據其表示的意義來決定謂語動詞的形式。如果其表示的是一個整體的概念或指的是同一事物,謂語動詞用單數,如果其表示的是兩個不同的物件時,謂語動詞用複數。

  The writer and the teacher are coming.

  The poet and teacher is one of my friends.

  4. 集合名詞people,police一般看作複數意義,其謂語動詞用複數。另外一些集合名詞family,enemy,class,army等作主語時,謂語動詞是用單數還是複數,要根據這些詞在句中的實際含義而定。當他們表示的是整體意義時,謂語用單數;當他們強調個體成員時,謂語動詞用複數形式。

  In England, people eat fish and chips.

  The Chinese people***民族***is a great people.

  5. 名詞性物主代詞mine,yours,his,hers, its,ours,theirs等作主語時,謂語動詞的數取決於該代詞所表示的意義是單數還是複數。

  His parents are young, but mine are old.

  6. 以s結尾的名詞本身不表示覆數意義時,謂語動詞通常用單數形式,如news,physics,politics,maths等。

  No news is good news. Physics is the most difficult subject for him.

  7. 由or,either…or…,neither…nor…,not only…but also…等詞連線名詞或代詞作主語時,謂語動詞的數和最接近的主語一致。

  Neither you nor Li Hua has been to Shanghai before.

  8. 以there,here開頭的句子,若主語不止一個,其謂語動詞的形式和鄰近的那個主語一致。

  There is a table and four chairs in the room.

  Here are some books and paper for you.

  9. trousers,clothes,glasses,compasses,chopsticks等作主語時,謂語動詞用複數。但如果前面有a pair of短語時,謂語動詞用單數。

  Jim’s trousers are brown. The pair of glasses is Mr. Green’s.

  10. 由“a lot of/lots of/plenty of+名詞”或“分數+名詞”作主語時,謂語動詞的單複數根據名詞的單複數而定。

  A lot of people have been to London.

  Three-fifths of the water is dirty.

  11. “a number of +複數名詞”作主語時,謂語動詞用複數;“the number of+複數名詞”作主語時,謂語動詞用單數。

  A great number of birds fly to the south in winter.

  The number of lions does not change much if people leave things as they are.

  12.代詞something,anything,nothing,everyone,anybody,nobody,each,neither,either,little,much,one等作主語時,謂語動詞用單數形式。

  Neither of us is a boy。

  Each of them has an English dictionary。

  One of the students was late for school。

  13.All,some none,most,any等代詞作主語時,若其指複數概念,謂語動詞用複數形式;若其指單數形式,則謂語動詞用單數形式。

  Not all work is difficult。

  Not all the students are here。

  14.有些形容詞前面加上定冠詞the,如the poor,the old,the yong,the rich,the dying等用來表示一類人時,主語為複數意義,謂語動詞用複數。

  The old are good taken care of。

  15.Many a意為“許多”,但因後面跟的是單數名詞,謂語動詞應用單數形式。

  Many a student has passed the exam。

  :名詞

  一.名詞的分類:名詞分為專有名詞和普通名詞。專有名詞指個人,地方,機構等專有名稱. 如:China, Shanghai, Li lei。普通名詞又分為個體名詞: 某類人或東西中的個體.如fighter, gun, country, 集體名詞:若干個體組成的集合體.如 family, team, police, class

  物質名詞:無法分為個體的實物。如 cotton, tea, air,

  抽象名詞: 動作, 狀態, 品質, 感情等抽象概念. 如: health, happiness.

  個體名詞和集體名詞又叫做可數名詞.

  物質名詞和抽象名詞又叫做不可數名詞.

  二.名詞的數。可數名詞都有單數和複數之分。

  Ⅰ: 規則的可數名詞變複數的規則如下:

  1.一般情況加s : books, mouths, houses, girls

  2.以s,sh,ch, x結尾的es: classes, boxes, matches

  3.子音字母 + y結尾的變y為i,再加es: cities,countries, parties,factories

  4.以o結尾的詞多數+es heroes Negroes potatoes tomatoes

  zeroes / zeros

  以 o 結尾並且詞尾有兩個母音字母 +s radios, zoos, bamboos , ***pianos ,kilos photos是特殊***

  5.以f, fe 結尾的改f,或fe為v,再+es,例如:leaves, lives, wives knives, halves, wolves

  The thief’s wife killed three wolves with some leaves and knives in half of her life.

  但是,也有一些+s,如roofs, proofs, gulfs, beliefs,

  handkerchiefs / handkerchieves

  Ⅱ: 不規則的可數名詞變複數的規則:

  1. man—men, woman—women, tooth—teeth, foot—feet,

  child—children, mouse—mice,

  2.單複數相同: sheep, fish, deer, means, Chinese, Japanese,

  fish如表示不同種類的魚時複數是fishes;

  There are many kinds of fishes in that lake.

  3.以man, woman 修飾名詞構成合成詞時,兩個詞都變化.

  man servant—men servants***男僕***. ***boy/girl students***

  woman doctor—women doctors.

  4.複合名詞的複數形式:

  son-in-law----sons-in-law ***主體名詞變化***

  film-goer----film-goers, grown-up----grown-ups

  ***如果沒有主體名詞,在詞尾加複數***

  5.字母,阿拉伯數字的複數形式一般加“’s ”或“s”.

  There are two l’s in the word “ all ”.

  It happened in the 1960’s /1960s.

  I will not accept your if’s and but’s.

  6.物質名詞一般沒有複數,有時用複數形式表示不同種類,

  wheats, fruits, vegetables,有時表示更廣的詞義,

  wood—woods, water—waters, sand—sands

  7.定冠詞加姓氏的複數表示一家人。 the Turners,

  the Smiths, the Wangs.

  8.集體名詞people, police, cattle 總是作複數,

  *** people 作民族,種族時有單複數兩種形式***

  Many cattle are kept.

  Several police were on duty.

  The Chinese are a brave and hard-working people.

  The English are a funny people.

  9.集體名詞class, public, family, population, team, crew, committee 等單複數都有,但意義不同。

  The class is big.---- The class are taking notes in English.

  The population in China is larger.---- 80% of the population

  in China are peasants.

  10. hair, fruit 通常作單數,表示總體。

  His hair is grey. a rich harvest of fruit

  如果表示若干根頭髮,表示種類的水果時,可以加複數詞尾。

  He had a few white hairs.

  What fruits are on sale in this season ?

  11.以s 結尾的學科名詞只作單數。mathematics , physics, politics, 等。***news***

  12.glasses, trousers, scissors, shoes, spectacles,等常用複數;但如果這些詞前用 a pair of …// this pair of…//that pair of…等修飾時謂語動詞有pair 來決定。

  Where are my glasses ?

  My new pair of trousers is too long.

  Here are some new pairs of shoes.

  13.不可數名詞沒有複數形式,如果表示“一個”的概念,可用單位詞。

  a piece of news / information / advice / bread / cake / paper / meat / coal…

  a bottle of ink, a grain of rice , a cake of soap…

  說明:可數名詞和不可數名詞之間並沒有截然的界限;可數名詞可以轉變為不可數名詞,同樣不可數名詞也可以轉變為可數名詞,要看清整個上下文的具體內容。

  三. 名詞的所有格。

  Ⅰ.有生命的名詞所有格的構成:

  A.一般在詞尾’s. the teacher’s office, Xiao Li’s sister’s husband’s mother.

  B. 以 s 結尾的複數名詞只加’ workers’ rest homes. the masses’ request

  C. 不以s結尾的複數名詞加’s.

  children’s toys Women’s Day

  D:複合名詞只在最後一個詞的後面加’s. my sister-in-law’s brother.

  E:表示共同所有的幾個名詞,只在最後一個詞的後面加’s.

  This is Tom, James and Dick’s room.

  F:表示各個所有關係的幾個名詞,在每個名詞後分別加’s.

  Jenny’s, Jean’s and Mary’s rooms face to the south.

  G:名詞短語只在最後一個詞後加’s.

  a quarter of an hour’s talk.

  Ⅱ. 名詞所有格的用法:

  1. 名詞所有格主要用於表示有生命的名詞,表示所屬關係。

  Lei Feng’s dairy. the Working People’s Palace of Culture.

  2.也可用於表示時間的名詞。

  today’s paper. an hour’s drive. Friday’s work.

  3. 也可用於表示地理、國家、城市等名詞。

  the country’s plan. the farm’s fruit. China’s population.

  4.也可用於表示由人組成的集體名詞。

  our Party’s stand***黨的立場***

  5. 也可用於表示度量、價值的名詞。

  two dollars’ worth of books. a pound’s weight.

  ***現代英語中,這種用法越來越多。***

  Ⅲ.凡不能用’s 屬格的情況可用 of 屬格表示所屬關係。

  the City of New York. a map of China.

  特別是下列情況要用of 屬格:

  ⑴當名詞有較長的定語時,

  the name of the girl standing at the gate.

  Have you read the articles of the students who were with us yesterday.

  ⑵所修飾的名詞前有數量詞時,

  a play of Comrade Li’s. some friends of my brother’s .

  ⑶所修飾的名詞前有一個指示代詞時,

  that performance of the teachers’ .

  Ⅳ.雙重所有格:

  當of前面的名詞有不定冠詞、指示代詞、疑問代詞、不定代詞或數詞如 a, an, this, that, these, those, two, three, four, any, some, several, no, few ,another等修飾時,用雙重所有格,雙重所有格只用於表示人的名詞並且都是特指的。

  a poem of Lu Xun’s . a friend of his/hers .

  Which novel of Dicken’s are you reading ?

  some friends of my brothers’ .

  5.幾種特殊情況:

  the key to the door. keys to the exercises.

  notes to the text answers to the question

  tickets for the film//movie

  a check for $1500. anyone else’s book.

  the monument to the people’s heroes.

  the entrance to the station//cinema

  在現代英語中of屬格大都可用’s 所有格代替。