佛羅里達

伽菲爾德(1831～1881年)

Garfield,James A(bram)

美國第二十任總統（1881）。三歲喪父，生活貧困。1856年畢業於威廉斯學院。然後回俄亥俄中學任教，後任校長。南北戰爭期間任步兵上校，後升少將。1862～1880年為美國眾議員。在重建時期，是一個激進的共和黨人，在1876年的大選中擔任選舉委員會的委員，1876～1880年為眾議院領袖，1880年選入美國參議院。在1880年共和黨提名總統大會上支援格蘭特和布雷恩的代表相持不下。後來在第三十六屆決定總統人選的投票中，伽菲爾德被提名為折衷的總統候選人，阿瑟被選為副總統候選人，結果以些微差距險勝。在短暫的任期內（僅四個多月），多半與參議員康克林在任命權上爭論不休。7月2日他在華盛頓火車站被一位康克林的支持者槍擊。9月19日去世，在他臥床療傷的十一個星期中，引起全國對憲法中模糊的總統繼任情況產生爭議（後來在第二十和二十五條憲法修正案中釐清）。

English version：

1831～1881年

Garfield,James A(bram)

20th president of the U.S. (1881). Born in Orange,Ohio,he graduated from Williams College,then returned to Ohio to teach and head an academy that became Hiram College. In the Civil War he led the 42nd Ohio Volunteers and fought at Shiloh and Chickamauga. He resigned as a major general to serve in the U.S. House of Representatives (1863-80). A Radical Republican during Reconstruction,he served on the Electoral Commission in the 1876 election,and was the House Republican leader from 1876 to 1880,when he was elected to the Senate. At the 1880 Republican nominating convention,the delegates supporting Ulysses S. Grant and James Blaine became deadlocked. On the 36th ballot Garfield was nominated as a compromise presidential candidate,with Chester Arthur as vice president,and won by a narrow margin. His brief term,less than 150 days,was marked by a dispute with Sen. Roscoe Conkling over patronage. On July 2 he was shot at Washington's railroad station by Charles J. Guiteau,an Arthur supporter. He died on September 19 after 11 weeks of public debate over the ambiguous constitutional conditions for presidential succession (later clarified by the 20th and 25th Amendments).